Peter Daley -JMSCULT.COM

Globalization Tactics of Controversial Korean Messianic Groups
Peter Daley
www.jmscult.com

Abstract
Controversial new religious movements face significant hurdles when trying to expand internationally, yet try they do. Such expansion efforts call for the answering of the following questions: What tactics have controversial South Korean groups used to grow internationally? What tools have they employed in terms of technology, institutions, and individuals in order to accomplish their goals? What has been the resulting impact on the wider community? This paper seeks to answer those questions by exploring the international expansion tactics used by several controversial groups. While the tactics employed are not altogether surprising, the creativity and audacity exhibited by some groups are noteworthy and serve as reminders that controversial groups warrant greater scrutiny. For the selected groups, this paper reviews briefly their histories before exploring surrounding controversies and international expansion activities. Research for this article is based on current and defunct websites operated by the groups concerned, news reports, court documents, attendance at group events, discussions with current and former members, communications with senior members, and various personal experiences including the experience of having criminal charges laid against me (and later dismissed by prosecutors) by one of the groups explored. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the tactics of lesser-known controversial groups and their negative societal impacts prove that they warrant greater attention from the academic community, law enforcement agencies, journalists, and human rights activists.


South Korea has more than 50 self-proclaimed messiahs and deities[1] with The Olive Tree Movement, the largest messianic group of the post-war period, responsible for spawning at least twenty.[2] Such an enormous power differential between each messiah/deity and their followers creates the potential for abuse and exploitation. Of those self-proclaimed messiahs, the most well-known and documented is Reverend Moon Sun-myung who founded his group in 1954. The more recent past has seen the emergence of numerous other self-proclaimed leaders, some of whom were members of earlier groups. In particular, several of the more notorious groups that are currently active in Korea and around the world began operating in the early to mid-1980s. Due to newsworthy controversies, criminal convictions, and allegations of abuse, some of the more nefarious groups have been explored by journalists, interested activists, and those with experience with each group. Journalistic interest typically revolves around significant events such as criminal convictions, acts of violence, and in the most tragic of recent examples, the sinking of a ferry. In the absence of such events, interest and awareness of such groups typically wanes over time. The underlying criminal activities, however, often continue out of the public eye and beyond the gaze of authorities until an event significant enough arouses interest, invites scrutiny, and in cases where laws have been broken, prosecution.
The difficulty of monitoring so many groups is evidence by the following quote from an official at Korea’s Religious Affairs Division at the Ministry of Culture who, in 2000 following the arrest of the leaders of the cult explored first in this paper, said: “There is no way we can control the spread of cults. In this country there is freedom of religion and these groups don’t have to register.”[3] That quote illustrates another difficulty in dealing with and identifying such groups: Criminal groups, which cloak themselves in the religious, are grouped together with legitimate religious movements. The recent impeachment of President Park Geun-hye also serves to illustrate the prevalence of cults in Korean society as the scandal that led to her impeachment has its beginnings when the young Park Guen-hye fell under the influence of a cult leader following the assassination of her mother, the former First Lady. [4]

Jungshim Association and Qi Wellness
The Jungshim Association is the lesser-known of the four groups this paper concerns and thus the most deserving of further study and scrutiny. While smaller in size than the other groups discussed (it has but one small branch in Australia for example),[5] it is the only group of the four discussed in which an avoidable death is the direct result of acceptance of the group’s teachings which involve a rejection of Western medicine and faith in the leaderships’ dubious claims to possess the ability to heal diseases such as cancer. The following is an excerpt from sermons delivered to members that are not publicly available: “Don’t take medication… Herb medicine is fine but medication is not. Please have an open mind and trust.”[6] The inevitable and fatal consequences of such teachings, which are not cheap, are obvious.
Jungshim was, according to an English seminar paper produced by the group, established by a Korean couple Mo Haeng-yong and Park Gwi-dal after they were chosen by The Supreme God to save humanity.[7] The Supreme God’s choice was an ill-conceived one not only because the couple later separated with Ms. Park gaining sole control of the group but also because Mr. Mo and Ms. Park were arrested in 1999 and consequently convicted in July 2000 of what was described at the time as the largest religious fraud case in Korea.[8] The arrest of the couple made international headlines: The BBC reported on the arrests;[9] The Chicago Tribunal reported the convictions.[10] Korea’s Chosun Ilbo newspaper offered the most details in an article entitled “Prosecutor’s Arrest Cult Leaders.”[11] It described not only the arrest of the couple, but also the arrest of 42 other senior members as well as the arrest of the couple’s lawyer. A further 113 members were being sought by prosecutors at the time of publication. An MBC news report that aired on February 11, 2000 reported that some members had committed suicide after giving large sums of money to the group. It was also reported that the founders’ bodyguards were armed with weapons including cross bows.[12]
None of those articles mention the name Junsghim; instead, the group is referred to as Cheonjonhoe (Heaven’s Gathering). The name Jungshim, according to non-public internal sermons, came into use upon the release from jail of Park Gwi-dal in 2006. “Chun Mo Nim came back (from jail) with a perfect state to Daerachun and established Jungshim Association.”[13] Daerachun is the name of the group’s rural headquarters located outside Hongcheon city in Ganwon Province. [14]
Lee Su-jung, a professor in the faculty of Liberal Arts at Kyonggi University recently commented on the ease of such name changes: “A religious leader who commits a crime can simply change the name of the religious institute, be it a church or any religious entity, if it was operated like his or her private foundation.” [15] The apparent ease of the name change is exhibited in statements made by Leigh-Anne Miles on behalf of Ki Health in a letter to myself threatening legal action: “Jungshim is a religious organisation which has been through a rigorous registration process with the Korean government.”[16]
Regular name changes are an obvious and hence common tactic used by not only controversial parent organisations but also - and more easily - their international branches in order to maintain the illusion of separation from the parent group and its controversies. Growth, in terms of awareness (which isn't necessarily a goal of secretive groups), committed members, and finances is naturally harder to accomplish when your brand and name are forced to change regularly. While ‘positive’ awareness and brand recognition suffer as a result of frequent name changes, those negative consequences are quite easily overcome with the use of social media, infotorials, advertorials, blog posts by members and non-members, events/promotions, and simple in-house word-of-mouth. Hence, a name change, especially by a group that operates to some extent secretly, is not necessarily a set-back, and the obvious benefit of being able to lose the stigma of previous and current controversies far outweighs the negative aspects of widely known links to a controversial and criminal organisation.
While Jungshim claims it has branches in Japan, the U.S., Australia,[17] and in several European countries, its London branch, currently known as Qi Wellness,[18] is the most notable in terms of activities and allegations of financial exploitation which are similar in nature to the crimes that the Korean leadership was convicted of. It is worth noting that while branches are acknowledged, it is rare for those branches to use the name Jungshim. Since its registration as a charity in 1999, the London branch has demonstrated a penchant for name changes that coincide with critical media reports, astounding audacity in its quest for borrowed legitimacy, and a willingness to issue dubious legal threats based on obvious falsehoods to journalists and critics.
A cursory view of the Qi Wellness website reveals no obvious connection to any new religious movement, Korean or otherwise, and there is certainly no obvious indication that Qi Wellness is connected to Jungshim Association and the couple that founded it. That is of course by design. Links can be traced, however, by exploring documents submitted by the group to The Charity Commission, the few published critical articles, past and present websites operated by “both” groups, and Oh Soon-tak, known as Master Oh, the one individual named most often in critical and positive media reports about the London branch throughout its incarnations.
Master Oh is described on the Qi Wellness site as ‘Qi Energy Master’ who trained in South Korea thirty years ago.[19] While the founders have been described in media reports as cult leaders, Master Oh himself seems to be developing a cult of personality around himself. His personal website features glowing endorsements from people whose full names are not given. From Roy: “If I had to cross a desert, I would choose Master Of as my companion. I would trust only him to get me to the other side.” From Anna: “Master Oh’s sincere kindness is what I cannot forget. He seems otherworldly and possesses an ancient wisdom which he translates to our modern ills.”[20] Although the treatments he offers involve physical contact as described below, he also offers long distance treatments via phone and Skype[21] as well as services to clear buildings and homes of negative energies.[22] “Master Oh begins the treatment by placing his hands gently on your abdomen. He can feel not only where energy is blocked but also how high or low your energy reserves are.”
Qi Wellness started its United Kingdom existence as Chun Do Sun Bup. It was established in 1999, the year of the leaders’ arrests, and the first name change was to Ki Health in 2003: “On 28th of May 2003, the name of the charity was changed from Chun Do Sun Bup to Ki Health International.”[23] While the first name change does not correspond to any known critical news reports, the name could be quite easily traced to the Korean founders that were named in several news reports concerning their arrests. It is also conceivable, perhaps likely, that the name change was made in order to provide Westerners with a more memorable and palatable name that was not at the time easily traced back to the convictions of the founding couple.
The next name change took place in 2008 when Ki Health, after a short-lived change to Ki Global, [24] changed its name to Innersound. The name Innersound was first registered in 2008 and was in use until 2012.[25] While Innersound was created as a new charity in 2008, its first listed address, 25 Queen Anne Street,[26] is the same as the address previously rented by Ki Health.[27] That name changes to Ki Global and then to Innersound occurred soon after the publication of the first critical media report which was entitled “Alternative Health Center Accused of Brainwashing” and included allegations of financial exploitation and the sending of the ill-gotten funds to South Korea.[28] Of the few published articles to date, that 2008 article is the only one to mention a link to the Korean founders and their convictions:

“Therapists at the center near Piccadilly Circus use techniques developed by a Korean couple jailed in 2000 for swindling their followers out of almost £45 million. Mo Haeng Yong and Park Gui Dal, founders and grandmasters of the Chojonhoe (Heaven’s Gathering) organisation, were jailed in Seoul for eight and five years, respectively. ... The charity said that it had no “financial or managerial connection” with the organisation in Korea but confirmed that Park Gui-dal visited the center in August last year, at Ki Health’s invitation, and talked to clients.”

While Ki Health acknowledged that their treatments were based on techniques developed by the founders, Master Oh was a year later credited as the creator of the treatments: “The treatment was developed in South Korea by the enigmatic sounding Master Oh, who is a Taoist master.”[29] Several years later, Master Oh vaguely claimed that he had encountered an “ancient healing method” that changed his life.[30] Further evidence that Innersound is Ki Health by another name rather than an unrelated newly-created charity can be found in the critical article that coincided with the abandonment of the Innersound name which identifies Master Oh as the person who “runs” Innersound.[31] That article documents a partial refund given to Naima Mohammad, a British army officer who paid 16,000 pounds to Qi Wellness in return for, she alleged, treatments that would cure her of breast cancer. A follow-up article following her death[32] entitled ‘Family of Deceased British Army Officer Calls for Investigation of Cult’ offered further details from Ms. Mohammad’s lawyer:

Kirby claimed Innersound used ‘undue influence’ to extract monies, by befriending Naima and winning her confidence. In a letter to them she says our client was encouraged to trust and revere the masters and to believe in the teachings of Innersound including that the treatments and trainings had an excellent success rate of getting people with cancer better again. Master Oh stated that our client did not need chemotherapy, and that if she committed herself to the program could heal herself of cancer. [33]  

Innersound denied the allegations in an email sent to its clients:

Several individuals at Innersound, notably Master Oh, strongly encouraged Ms Mohamed to follow the advice of her medical specialist and consider chemotherapy. It is entirely false to suggest that Master Oh, or anyone connected with Innersound, told Ms. Mohamed that Qi treatments or ancestral healing would cure her cancer. That allegation goes against everything Innersound stands for.[34]

The statement that the idea the treatments can cure cancer goes against “everything Innersound stands for” not only contradicts internal Jungshim sermons but also Master Oh himself who publicly stated that his own cancer had been cured by the treatments he offers: “Having been diagnosed with the first stages of stomach cancer in his early twenties, Master Oh came to Ki Health. He healed himself with the Ki Method and went on to do the intensive training to become a Ki Master.” [35] Ms. Mohammad’s allegations are also supported by a recent video on Qi Wellness’s YouTube channel in which a member, in referring to chemotherapy, states that “a chemical cure does not cure the energy system.”[36] Another indication that the treatments are promised as a cure for cancer is evidenced by the fact that Marc Hunter, former lead singer in the New Zealand rock band Dragon, travelled to Daerachun in 1998 months before his death in the hope of finding a cure for his throat cancer: “Three weeks after the Melbourne concert, Hunter and his wife flew to Daera Chun, South Korea for one last option – an ancient healing process called Qi, which was a blend of meditation, diet and chun su massages.”[37]
In addition to the name change, the spelling of ‘ki’ was soon after changed to ‘qi.’ The ‘qi’ spelling appears on a 2011 blog maintained by Innersound.[38] An interesting example of this spelling change can be found in a 2009 Sunday Express article entitled “The Man with the Ki to a Better Life.”[39] A PDF of that article was later posted on a Jungshim site with one difference: each ‘k’ in the word ‘ki’ had been changed to a ‘q.’[40] Curiously, a PDF of a 1993 article when the name Chun Do Sun Bup was in use posted to the same site does not feature the same alterations.[41]
The name Qi Wellness has been in use from 2012. The name change to Qi Wellness from Innersound is in name only as evidenced by the U.K. Charity Commission which lists ‘Qi Wellness’ as an alternative working name for Innersound, which is still the branch’s official name and the name used on recent filings to the Charity Commission.[42] The Innersound website, which went offline in early September 2016 but is preserved on the Internet Archive, bore the Qi Wellness name towards the end of its presence.[43] The continued presence of Master Oh also suggests the name changes were the only changes.
Time spent in Korea appears to be a common route towards deeper and lifelong membership within the group. During the period the branch used the name ‘Innersound,’ a member provided evidence, albeit rather vague, of links to South Korea in a Daily Mail article entitled “I Didn’t Sleep for a Whole Year”: “With my new-found energy, I signed up for healing classes - based on 1,000-year-old methods used by Korean monks - at Innersound. … Then, in 2008, I gave up my job and flew to Korea to train as a Qi Master. This is now my life; treating other people who can't sleep.”[44]
In a Microsoft Word document shared online and simply dated 1997, an account of an Australian member is given which also details a journey to South Korea after positive experiences with Chun Do Sun Bup. The account is, however, more specific with respects to the destination: “This year Stephania has been able to visit the Koreans’ headquarters in a mountain valley called DaeRaChun, for which one translation is ‘heaven.’”[45] Master Oh’s website currently advertises a trip to Korea in September 2016 which is billed, sans a specific destination, as a “Healing Retreat.”[46]
A common theme throughout the recent history of Master Oh’s charities has been the recruitment of celebrities and well-known individuals. Such individuals are not earmarked for deeper membership; rather, they provide the group with testimonials that praise the outermost layers of the group without apparent awareness of the religious of the group’s inner teachings and the controversial history of the founders. Since the BBC reported on the founders’ arrest in 1999, it is ironic that famous BBC staff members found themselves involved: “Celebrity clients have included BBC sports presenters Gabby Logan and Clare Balding and actress Rula Lenska.”[47] 
Of its attempts to gain legitimacy by association, the group’s association with the London Metropolitan Police[48] is the most notable and the most audacious. It is certainly ironic given the criminal histories of the founders and leadership in Korea, but perhaps less ironic than its offerings of treatments to doctors, nurses, emergency services personnel, and other health care providers[49] considering a core inner teaching is that Western medicine is a poor substitute for its massage treatments.
Following a program of free massage treatments offered to police personnel, a video was produced featuring on-camera endorsements by uniformed officers, none of whom reveal their name. The final testimony differs in that the police officer offering it appears out of uniform but does provide his name and rank: Commander Simon Foy.[50] Commander Foy was soon after promoted to the position of Head of Homicide and Serious Crimes at Scotland Yard, a position that placed him amongst the most senior police officers in the United Kingdom.[51] As such, his testimony, which presumably is based on complete ignorance of the group’s criminal past, provided the group with an invaluable propaganda tool that could well serve to ease the suspicions of those targeted for deeper indoctrination and financial exploitation.
Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, also endorsed the group, albeit as part of umbrella statements directed at several charities, after encountering Innersound while observing groups attached to The Warrior Programme, a charity that seeks to help military personal readjust after service in Afghanistan and Iraq:

“It’s been really interesting to see how that integrated approach using complementary therapies – the best of the ancient; the best of the modern – can be so beneficial. The difficulty of course is overcoming natural skepticism about some of these techniques.”[52]

It is possible then that Innersound’s association with The Warrior Programme was how it came to the attention of Captain Naima Mohammad.
Attempts to censor are a logical progression from the group’s attempts to distance itself from its past and recent articles through the various name changes detailed above. One example is a letter from Ki Health dated August 22, 2008 that denied any link to Jungshim and its founders.[53] Legal action was threatened against those making such claims. Despite claims that Junshim had no connection with Ki Health, evidence that Ki Health operated as a branch of Jungshim were at the time, and to this day still are, quite plentiful. One example being the offering of the Ki Health website for those seeking further information about Jungshim.[54] Another is that Master Oh’s photo appears on Jungshim’s official website.[55] Another is the presence of the same people wearing the same uniforms bearing the same logos on websites operated by Master Oh’s charity and Jungshim. Given that no legal action resulted, it is reasonable to conclude that the legal threats were attempts to intimidate rather than legitimate warnings of impending legal action over real grievances.
Some eight years after The Charity Commission announced it was investigation the group and four years after the dead of Naimi Mohammad, Master Oh’s charity is still a registered charity despite obvious and provable links to the Jungshim parent group in Korea and its criminal past and despite complaints made to the Charity Commission. More preventable deaths are inevitable.

Jeong Myeong-seok and Providence Church
The systematic rape of female members, violence against critics, threats, and legal actions designed to censor are the hallmarks of what is arguably Korea’s most toxic and criminal messianic group. Jeong Myeong-seok’s Christian Gospel Mission, more commonly known as Providence and JMS, which stands for both the leader’s initials and the phrase “Jesus Morning Star,” offers fascinating and disturbing examples of the use of violence, threats, and the attempted use of the legal system itself to stifle and intimidate critics be they journalists, former members, concerned family of members, and concerned citizens aware of the secretive group.
Jeong Myeong-seok’s organisation provides an interesting contrast to Jungshim’s attempts to borrow legitimacy in London. In English speaking countries at least, JMS operates secretly and avoids seeking positive publicity and attention. Its desire for secrecy is explained by the controversies surrounding Jeong Myeong-seok who is currently nearing the end of a 10-year prison sentence for raping several female members while he was a fugitive wanted on earlier charges for similar crimes.[56] The use of transitory front groups by JMS also provides an interesting contrast to that of Jungshim which typically uses one front internationally at a time. JMS has distinctive and generic names for each “church” which is typically ether a member’s house or other premises sans signage. An ever-changing plethora of clubs centered on activities designed to interest the target demographic which is primarily young attractive females is also a feature of the group.
JMS primarily focuses on the recruitment of the young on university campuses. In the United States for example, JMS has been known to operate on numerous campuses including: Harvard University, Hunter College, Colombia University, California State University, United States Military Academy (West Point), University of Washington, UCLA, UC Berkley, UC San Diego, UC Irvine, University of Hawaii, Houston University, Rice University, the University of Arizona, and the University of Illinois.[57] In Japan, JMS made headlines over the exposure of its campus activities which included the top universities in the country: “Recruiters for a cult headed by a fugitive wanted by Interpol have been targeting elite students at over 50 universities nationwide, sources say. The universities rank among the country’s most prestigious, and include the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University and Waseda University.”[58]
In addition to the criminal convictions of the leader, members of the group have been known to vandalise offices of newspapers[59] and commit acts of violence against reporters, critics, and in notable case, the elderly father of a critic.[60] Media offices invasions is a tactic that several groups have employed in Korea. On December 10, 1960, 1,024 members of The Olive Tree Movement were arrested after acts of vandalism were committed at the Dong-A Ilbo headquarters after thousands of members protested against the publication of a critical article.[61] In 1999, 300 followers of Lee Jae-rock invaded MBC TV station and cut its power supply in an attempt to stop a critical broadcast.[62] Members of Rev. Moon’s Unification Church invaded the offices of the Dong-A Ilbo in protest of a critical article.[63] Journalists from The Korea Times and The Daily Mail Australia also acknowledged they had received visits from JMS members following the publication of JMS-related articles. They are tactics that, along with threats to sue, have been successful in intimidating some media outlets into the watering down of article of into avoiding entirely critical articles. The JMS invasion of the DongA Ilbo’s office is particularly interesting as it was in protest over articles concerning the arrest of Jeong in China, an event that was an established fact.
Jeong is reportedly a former member of Reverend Moon’s Unification Church, and Jeong’s Bible studies, which point to him as messiah, are clearly derived from Rev. Moon’s Divine Principles.[64] Jeong’s teachings are based on the idea that the fall of Adam and Eve was the result of them having sex before they were mature. The secret inner teachings concern the notion that a woman can be cleansed of Original Sin through sexual intercourse with the messiah. Such teachings are also found in the Unification Church:

Moon was released (from jail) October 4, 1955, because the 80 women involved in the incident exercised their right of silence in court. It was reported by the Church of the Nazarene Korea Mission that Moon’s church was involved in an unusual sexual “blood cleansing” ritual where a woman was to have sex with Sun Myung Moon to cleanse her blood from Satan’s lineage. The “cleaned” woman could then cleanse her husband through sexual union with him.[65]

Another commonality between Jeong’s and Moon’s groups are mass arranged weddings. A 2006 article about Jeong’s arranged wedding services held in Japan highlights that similarity and the kind of sexual cleansing rituals Moon was known for in his earlier days:
A cult led by a fugitive former Moonie wanted on rape charges coerced more than 300 Japanese members to wed in mass ceremonies modeled on South Korea’s Unification Church, say former cultists. They said cult founder Jung Myung Seok would interview prospective brides and sometimes sexually assaulted them. Jung, 61, apparently viewed mass weddings as a means of increasing the cult membership.[66]
The concept of a sexual relationship with God/the messiah is introduced in a book published internally by JMS and only made available to members. Three time periods defined by the developing relationship God has with mankind point the way for the deeper sexual teachings. The Old Testament is defined as a period in which the relationship between God and mankind is a master/servant relationship. The New Testament is defined as a period in which the relationship between God and mankind is a father/son parental relationship. The Completed Testament period, which Jeong is ushering in, is defined as a period in which that relationship has matured to that of equal lovers.[67] A harem-style society based on complete obedience is introduced later in that book:

A beehive is composed of workers, drones, and the queen. Each bee has a lover relationship with the queen. In this world there are many types of relationships. … Some are servant/master, some are parent/children, and some are lovers. Lover relationship is the deepest relationship… As we can see through the scriptures, the central figure of Providence is also likened to the queen bee. . The queen and worker bees don’t relate to each other as master and servant or brother and sister. They interact with each other as inseparable lovers. In a bee hive, there are no idle bees. Each bee is never idle. They are always active.… Because she is the queen, she receives instant respect but she also receives love from each bee. This decreases the chances of any defection from the hive. This is the most ideal organization. It is almost heaven on earth like no other organization that can be found in any human or animal organization.[68]

Photographic and video evidence of such a harem-like existence was presented at a press conference conducted in Seoul in 2012 by former members who presented pixelated videos of naked female members announcing their love for Jeong and performing erotic gestures such as the kissing of a photograph of Jeong and holding that photograph close to their vaginas.[69] Such behavior is evidence of the indoctrinated state desired by JMS for selected female members. Those videos were recently the subject of a law suit brought by JMS against those that shared the videos which included myself.[70] JMS claimed copyright ownership of the videos and alleged that the spreading of the videos constituted the spreading of pornographic material, which is illegal. JMS also claimed that the women were defamed although their faces and bodies had been heavily pixelated and their names never revealed. Prosecutors dismissed the case following a recommendation by the police that the charges be dropped.[71] Further threats to sue were issued by JMS which indicates a desire to simply sue those that investigate and expose JMS rather than a sincere belief that critics and former members have acted illegally.

There has been a gradual change in the recruitment strategies of JMS since its leader fled Korea ahead of rape allegations broadcast on TV in 1999 and the subsequent media interest and critical news reports amidst further allegations over the next several years. Since the leader’s arrest in 2007, the group has reduced the size of its events that outsiders are invited to and recruitment has become more of a one-on-one affair.
A major front group used by the group from 1999 until 2006 was The Global Association of Culture and Peace (GACP). It is interesting to note and perhaps not a coincidence that, like Jungshim, a major international front was established the year that the leaders came to the attention of Korean authorities. Websites operated by the group disappeared soon after widespread media interest in Japan which also coincided with articles on the group appearing on Rick Ross’s cult education website under the GACP name.[72] While in use by JMS, the GACP front group held annual events in countries where JMS had presences. Such events consisted of sporting and cultural performances. The largest of which took place in 2002 in Daejon, the closest city to the group’s rural headquarters, soon after the 2002 soccer World Cup.[73] An article published during the World Cup highlight JMS’s efforts to bring itself into contact with foreign visitors via GACP and The Bright Smile Movement, another JMS front.[74] It is interesting to note that the same newspaper, The Taipei Times, had just seven months earlier reported on sexual assault allegations made by Taiwanese students against Jeong.[75]
Recruitment post 2007 is typically conducted on a one-on-one basis with individuals who meet appearance and height requirements approached on the street by members. First contact can also take place via the group’s many front groups which primarily target young and attractive women via modeling, dance, and sports groups. A South African front group invited women to bring their high heels to Bible classes and in New Zealand a teen beauty pageant winner was recruited. Two former members who were recruited in Canberra, Australia described their recruitment in a 17-minute television report aired on Australian TV on April 9, 2014.[76]

In 2011, Liz was shopping in the Canberra Centre when a Korean woman asked if she would fill out a survey. “I didn’t think I was joining anything. They said they were doing a Christian art show….” “My head leader was telling me to write to him like he was my husband or like he was my lover and he would write back in the same way,” says Liz. “Some of the letters were quite intimate. So, he would say things like ‘women are much more beautiful when they are naked’ and he said my white skin arouses him.” Liz was also asked to visit Jeong in his Korean prison. “We got a 15 minute visit with him.”

Sarah was also approached by the group and asked to come along to a music night. “One of the girls suggested that maybe I could do bible studies with them and I remember her saying that it didn’t necessarily have to be really religious.”

 Jeong Myeong-seok is nearing the end of his ten-year sentence. As a result, JMS members are immensely excited at the prospect of being able to meet their messiah easily for the first time since he fled Korea in 1999. With no sign whatsoever of rehabilitation and every sign he will continue the lifestyle that landed him in jail, it is not improbable that Jeong Myeong-seok has yet to rape his last victim.


Lee Man-hee and Shinchonji
Lee Man-hee’s Shinchonji church is the most visible of the plethora of home-grown Korean messianic groups. That visibility, which includes large-scale events held at such high-profile venues as Jamsil Olympic Stadium, the Olympic Peace Park, and Seoul’s 63 Building as well as recent large protest rallies against Christian Broadcasting Service (CBS)[77] which broadcast a multi-part investigative report on the group in 2015,[78] is in stark contrast to its secretive recruitment practices via the group’s Bible study programs which are similar in terms of secrecy and deceptions to those of JMS. Former members tell similar stories of being involved via small-group Bible studies for periods approaching a year before being told the name of the group (Shinchonji) and its leadership (Lee Man-hee and Kim Nam-hee). That is of course to minimise the chance the target will discover the group they have become involved with before the indoctrination program cements allegiance.
Unfortunately, the amount of English material is lacking compared to other messianic movements of similar size. That is not to say there is no such material; certainly, there is a wealth of material available in the Korean language. The amount of English material is however steadily growing in large part due to the group's large scale events in Korea and smaller worldwide events combined with a willingness to bring itself into contact with current and former world leaders and other notable and reputable individuals and institutions. Such attempts naturally lead to more attention. While employing many of the same tactics to expand internationally as other controversial groups, Shinchonji's solutions to the problems of international growth despite controversies at home are quite unique in terms of scale if not originality.
Shinchonji’s attempts to grow internationally were first noticeable during 2012 through its activities in America and South Korea. Lee Man-hee’s 2012 American tour generated some critical media reports and blog posts such as “Cystral Cathedral Members Angered by Religious Leader’s Event”[79] and the rather humorous “Anyone who is a believer will regret it if he or she does not come see Instructor Man Hee Lee at the Crystal Cathedral this Saturday!”[80] In 2007, Korean broadcaster MBC, the same broadcaster that was invaded in 1999 over the showing of a report critical of Lee Jae-rock, broadcast critical reports on Lee Man-hee and Shinchonji. The allegations are preserved in English on a blog of a Shinchonji member:
Twice, once on May 8th and once on Dec 25th, 2007, the program PD Note from the Korean TV broadcasting company MBC aired a program about Shinchonji Church of Jesus. The program focused on false reports of Shinchonji members abandoning their homes, breaking up their families, imprisoning and assaulting others, and embezzling money.[81]

Allegations that the group breaks up families were repeated more recently in July 2015,[82] and protestors claiming to be the parents of members appear regularly at Shinchonji events with banners demanding they be able to see their children.[83] There are also reports of members running away from home and quitting university, divorces, assaults, arson attacks, the stalking of former members, and the use of sex as a recruitment tool.[84]

In early 2012, a plethora of clubs based on sporting, cultural, and artistic activities appeared quite suddenly all offering free services to the expat community offered by Mannam Volunteer Association which earlier billed itself in a press release for an August 2011 event as the world's largest non-profit volunteer group.[85] Activities offered included Korean language classes; orphanage visits; movie showings; cooking classes; a photography group; a running club; dance classes; taekwondo and judo lessons; parties; cultural events; and soccer, cricket, and basketball competitions. Kim Nam-hee, Shinchonji’s second in command, was listed as the president of the group and Lee Man-hee was listed as its honorary chairman.[86] Just prior to the launch of the clubs offering those activities, a Korean university student wrote an essay entitled “A Crafty Trick” about attending an event and in doing so offered perhaps the first English account of Mannam being connected to Shinchonji[87]:

“This volunteering organisation is actually deeply related to a notorious pseudo-religion called ‘Shincheonji’ using Korean cultural or traditional events as their missionary work to spread! The old couple on the screen wasn’t a real married couple but each representative of ‘Shincheonji’ and ‘Mannam.’ Also, the name, Mannam, didn’t mean ‘meeting’ but their middle names mixed – ‘Man’ from ‘Lee Manhee’ and ‘Nam’ from ‘Kim Namhee!’ … The most frightening thing was the number of adherents is already more than 60,000 and getting more and more. They try to involve as many people as possible via a lot of crafty tricks pretending pure cultural or national volunteering events. After this happening, I totally realised the seriousness and dexterity of the pseudo-religious missionary method.”

Foreigners living in Korea in early 2012 often encountered members of Mannam standing on street corners, at subway stations, at tourist attractions, and at Incheon International Airport for hours inviting foreigners (and only foreigners) to Mannam events, and then as the middle of September approached, to Mannam’s largest and most important event which turned out to be essentially be an Olympic-sized and extravagant birthday party for Lee Man-hee. All of the free activities served the purpose of introducing the group to as many foreigners as possible who were then to be invited – and strongly encouraged – to attend an event held at Seoul’s Olympic Stadium on Sunday, September 16.[88] The project and its Olympic finale served several purposes: It kept members incredibly busy for months, it provided Shinchonji with hundreds of hours of footage and thousands of photos for its propaganda department that created videos, it filled Olympic Stadium with many non-members for such propaganda, and it provided Mr. Lee with a memorable birthday party. Journalist and author Donald Kirk likened the event to North Korea’s Arirang Games:

This “world peace festival” evoked memories. Was it a modified version of the annual Arirang Mass Games that opened this week in May Day stadium in Pyongyang? On visits to North Korea, I’ve never seen any performance quite so amazing as the prancing and dancing of tens of thousands of performers against a backdrop of tens of thousands in the stands flipping flash cards of scenes and messages of whatever the North Koreans were selling from happy school kids to verdant fields to humming factories to warplanes.

Not quite so many people were on the field at the “world peace festival” as at the Arirang Games, but young people filled sixty percent of the seats, flipping cards on cue, forming slogans and scenes. This whole performance lasted ten or eleven hours, from morning to after dark when the rain was already falling and pinpoints of lights replaced the cards.[89]

A former member of ten years, in an interview with the webmaster of an anti-Shinchonji blog, wrote of the event and its aftermath:

After the event it was expected that everyone who attended the event would have someone from the church maintaining them and bringing them to the truth. A surge, if you will, of new converts that just needed to be taught. The opposite was true. Many people were very angry with what happened.[90]

That anger is evidenced in an open letter to Mannam, which had presented itself as a secular organisation, from an Islamic exchange student who accepted Mannam’s invitations only to discover he had been lied to about those secular claims. It is worth quoting extensively:

We had invited many foreign people to join Mannam to learn Korean language and culture. Over the past months we have had many sports events on Sundays in accordance with the objectives of Mannam – sharing our cultures, enabling us to become one. These sporting activities were conducted with strictly no religious influence as Mannam accepts all religions but does not allow the promotion of any particular religious belief. One day we heard about The World Peace Festival, it was to be the largest of all the festivals held this year and was to include a Mini Olympics along with a world peace parade. So many foreigners who have been actively involved in Mannan assisted Korean Mannam members to aggressively promote the festival to other foreign friends so they too could participate. But in the Jamsil Olympic Stadium on September 16 many foreigners were shocked to find they were actually attending a religious festival far different from anything Mannam had taken them to before.

The festival on September 16 was completely different containing constant references to God, Heaven and Shinchonji’s teachings which clearly was against the rules of Mannam which strictly forbids the promotion of any religion. We had always been told that Mannam was not a religious group and was not influenced by any such groups but we feel this turned out to be a lie. From this point many people feel quite unhappy or even enraged. …

I was very upset and expressed my thought strongly to the cameras that were present. They even lied to me about some wages being paid to operators. … We did not attend on the day to witness a clearly religious festival and to learn about Shinchonji and their religious beliefs. After the festival Mannam representatives who previously contacted me regularly cannot be contacted and have said nothing to me since the festival. We strongly insist that Mannam apologize to us for the lies and deceiving behavior they engaged in prior to the event. [91]

Mannam also drew criticism both before the Olympiad for its deceptive practices[92] and afterwards for those same practices and for failing to inform a South African charity of funds raised for it:

On April 7 this year, Mannam held a concert fundraiser for Al Noor, a predominantly Muslim orphanage in South Africa that works with children infected with HIV. Nearly five months after the event had taken place, Al Noor still didn't know Mannam had thrown the event for them and they hadn't received any money.[93]

The result of rising awareness that Mannam was a front for Shinchonji resulted in Shinchonji dropping the front group entirely for its current front groups that on the surface strive for peace: Heavenly Culture, World Peace Restoration of Light (HWPL), International Women’s Peace Group (IWPG), and International Peace Youth Group (IPYG).[94] For its next Olympiad held two years later, Shinchonji changed tactics. Instead of inviting thousands of Westerners already living in Korea, it invited, and to differing extents, funded travel to Korea for current and former world leaders, religious leaders, journalists, and members of youth groups.[95] The list of participants is a long as it is impressive.[96] There was no mention of Mannam. The themes of the events were world peace and interfaith dialogue. The interfaith aspect of the event was illustrated by the name of the event which was The Summit of the World Alliance of Religions for Peace - WARP being its unfortunate acronym. The ideals of an alliance between the world’s religions and for world peace mask the group’s inner teachings which are militaristic and promise death to those that do not join Shinchonji: “Anyone who hears the testimony about the fulfillment of the New Testament prophecies and refuses to believe it will be destroyed”.[97] Like the previous Olympiad, the 2014 event also drew criticism from attendees.[98] The group is currently preparing for a similar event to be held in Seoul between September 16 and 18 2016.
Front groups and massive events aside, Schinchonji is known for its attempts to infiltrate other churches. To defend against such infiltrations, many churches in Korea post “Shinchonji Keep Out” signs on their doors. They are not always successful Shinchonji events for Westerners have been known to have taken place churches that display such warnings. Similar infiltrations were recently noticed in China where Shinchonji is striving to grow.[99]
While Shinchonji cannot match Jungshim and JMS regarding criminal convictions, its size and recent expansion, its hold over its young members, and its wider negative impact on society in general mark it as a group worthy of much greater scrutiny and study.

Ahae and the Evangelical Baptist Church
Any account of the recent expansion activities of South Korean groups would not be complete without an account of Yoo Byung-eun and the extraordinary and heartbreaking decisions and events that led to the sinking of the Sewol ferry, the deaths of 300 high school students in April, 2014,[100] and the death of Yoo himself.[101]  While the sinking itself is beyond the scope of this paper, the tragedy is worth keeping in mind when exploring the extravagant activities of Yoo Byung-eun in the year leading up to the disaster. 
Yoo Byung-eun was, until his death, the leader of the Evangelical Baptist Church, one of three groups collectively known in Korea as Salvation Sect or Guwonpa.[102] He also faced the dilemma of wanting to expand internationally in the face of controversies on home soil. His approach differed from the projects undertaken by the previous groups discussed in that the projects undertaken by Yoo were not aimed at recruiting members. Instead, projects undertaken by his group were aimed at building the reputation of Yoo via his alter ego, the reclusive and mysterious photographer known as “Ahae” as a means to commit fraud and generate wealth. A description of that alter ego on the Ahae website points to Ahae/Yoo as the center of a cult of personality:

He can be described as an inventor, entrepreneur, philanthropist, environmental activist, martial artist, painter, sculptor, poet, and photographer. He holds a seventh degree black belt in taekwondo, is highly trained in judo, and he has even developed his own style of exercise and self-defense. [103]

Missing from his online biography is the fact that he was convicted of fraud in 1992 and sentenced to four years in jail. He was a suspect following the 1987 suicide/possible murder of 32 members of an offshoot group.[104] Like Jungshim’s involvement with the London Metropolitan Police, Yoo was not shy regarding who he attempted to associate with. His photos were displayed at The Louvre, and composer Michael Nyman was hired to write a symphony in Ahae’s honor that was recorded by The London Symphony Orchestra.[105] The backstory behind Yoo’s photographic exhibitions are as dubious as the boasts made about him on the Ahae website. Yoo, according to that Ahae site, took between 2,000 and 4,000 photos a day out the same window over a 4-year period. Donations of some $9 million, funded donations from his church, no doubt helped to allay any concerns over such an odd and unbelievable feat. Those donations were provided by members in the hope that Ahae’s photos would gain in value when he became famous. Such fame was supposed to help cleanse Yoo of his controversial past. Evangelical Baptist Cchurch spokesperson Lee Dae-jeon offered the following with regards to those monies raised: 

Personally, I saw it as an investment. Many people from the church bought his pictures. We hoped then when Ahae and his pictures became famous, the price of his pictures would go up, but now the government is saying these pictures are worth nothing.[106]

Not everyone was impressed by Ahae’s photographs and the money that was poured into promoting them. In October 2012, 6 months before the scrutiny that stemmed from the sinking, photographer Michael McCarthy offered these reflections on Ahae’s Louvre exhibitions:

Anyone living in or visiting Paris at the time was bombarded with advertisements everywhere–on billboards, buses, in the métro, in newspapers and magazines. With all the blockbuster art exhibitions which have come through Paris over the years I’ve lived here, I have never seen such a publicity blitz as I saw for the Ahae exhibit linked to the Louvre Museum. As an artist and photographer seeing such a media and marketing blitz for an unknown, and inexperienced but wealthy photographer such as Ahae, it inevitably leaves a bitter taste.  … Mostly, the images look exactly as one might expect from someone shooting 2 million photos in three years (one photo every 50 seconds, day and night) The entrance to the show was free, but the little book shop clearly was included to try to recuperate some of the huge investment that went into the exhibition:  One of the catalogues for the show was priced up to 215 euros ($280) and just 80 grams of organic tea (one of Ahae’s businesses) were priced between 45 and 85 euros![107]

The tens of millions of dollars spent by Yoo in promoting the Ahae brand stand in stark contrast to the amount of money his ferry company reportedly spent on crew safety training, around $500, the year before the sinking.[108] Sadly, the causes of the sinking can be traced back to the fact that safety was of far less importance to Yoo than his Ahae persona. The ferry was significantly overloaded and that overloaded cargo wasn’t strapped down properly. An addition to the ferry’s top deck, which was destined to showcase Ahae’s photos, added to the ferry’s instability. Add a poorly trained crew that received almost no safety training into the mix, and the freak accident sounds more like an accident waiting to happen.

Conclusion
Dr. Joong-Hyun Choe noted in 1993 that South Korean messianic movements deserve more attention from religious scholars.[109] He also pointed out that at the time there was only one book published in a Western language concerning Korean messianic movements beyond Rev. Moon’s Unification Church. Over two decades later, that scarcity continues. Of the four groups explored in this paper, JMS is the only one that is the subject of a Western language book beyond self-published materials that are often not available to non-members. That book, Le Salute Par Le Foot by Nathalie Luca[110], was published in 1997, two years before rape allegations were first reported in the media. While the groups explored have been the subject of numerous media reports, such reports may be watered-down due to legal threats and fears of being sued and may only superficially explore the group. For example, articles about the trial and conviction of Jeong Myeong-seok rarely explored the activities of the group at the grassroots level and its international activities, particularly in English-speaking countries, were ignored..
New religious movements that have criminal histories or histories of consistent allegations clearly warrant greater attention and scrutiny from not just scholars of new religious movements but also law enforcement agencies and journalists willing to explore such groups in the face of threats and intimidation tactics. The status of their leaders as deities, messiahs, or as individuals acting under orders from God not only makes for the greatest possible power differential between leaders and followers, which the described groups have been shown to exploit, but also diminishes the chance of significant change away from the criminal and anti-social activities that are the source of surrounding controversies and criminal convictions. Shinchonji did not respond to criticisms of its Mannam front group with more open and transparent recruiting activities; instead, it continued the same deceptions under the guise of different fronts. Likewise, the jailing of the leaders of JMS and Jungshim has not lessened those leaders’ desires to continue the activities that led to their arrests. In the case of Jungshim and JMS, the criminal activities stem directly from core teachings and are thus unlikely to change. While there are perhaps no easy answers to the challenges such groups present, their continued efforts to expand domestically and internationally coupled with criminal activities spanning decades clearly shows that they deserve more scrutiny and attention from scholars, law enforcement agencies, journalists, activists, and concerned citizens.

Bibliography
Anonymous, “A Decade in Shinchonji: Interview with a Former Member,” Analysis of Shinchonji’s Movement Blog, October 2010, http://shinchonjiandthebible.blogspot.kr/2010/06/interview-with-former-scj-member.html, accessed on 1/09/2016.
Asahi Shimbun, “Cult Aimed at Elite at 50 Universities,” July 31, 2006, https://culteducation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace/7633-cult-aimed-at-elite-in-50-universities.html, accessed on 28/08/2016.
Asahi Shimbun, “Guru Said to Have Raped Prospective Brides before Mass Weddings,” August 3, 2006, https://culteducation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace/7610-guru-said-to-have-raped-prospective-brides-before-mass-weddings.html, accessed on 2/09/2016.
Associated Press, “Korean Doomsday Cult Sentenced,” July 11, 2000, http://www.cesnur.org/testi/Y2K_006.htm, accessed on 23/08/2016.
Bartholomew, Richard. “London Met Officers Praise Energy Monks,” August 7, 2008, http://barthsnotes.com/2008/08/07/london-met-officers-praise-energy-monks/, accessed on 7/09/2016.
Baik, Sung-ho. “Memoirs Give Insight into Choi Tae-min” Korea JoongAng Daily, November 4, 2016, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3025747, accessed on 12/12/2016.
BBC News, “Doomsday Cult Leader Arrested,” January 25, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/618064.stm, accessed on 23/08/2016.
BBC News, “Korean TV Airs Controversial Documentary,” May 12, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/342414.stm, accessed on 8/09/2016.
Bergsma, Martijin, “How I Ended Up in a Korean Religious Cult,” Youth and Exchange and Understanding, November 17, 2014, http://www.yeu-international.org/en/publications /newsmail/small-stories-that-can-change-the-world/how-i-ended-up-in-a-korean-religious-cult, accessed on 11/09/2016.
Bournemouth Echo, “Heartbroken Friends Say Goodbye to Tragic Soldier,” November 19, 2012, http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/10056153.Heartbroken_friends_say_goodbye_to_tragic_soldier/, accessed on 27/08/2016.
Cable, Amanda. “I Didn’t Sleep for a Whole Year,” Daily Mail, January 11, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1241320/It-happened-I-didnt-sleep-year.html, accessed on 1/09/2016.
Choe, Joong-Hyun. “The Korean War and Messianic Groups: Two Cases in Contrast,” PhD diss.,
                 Syracuse University, 1993.
Daley, Peter. “An Interview with a Cult Specialist,” KCrush Magazine, May 2015
Dean Du Mars, Roger. “Cult Leaders Accused of Swindling $1 Billion,” South China Morning Post, July 11, 2000, https://culteducation.com/information/1289-general-information/8298-cult-leaders-accused-of-swindling-1-billion-.htmlhttps://culteducation.com/information/1289-general-information/8298-cult-leaders-accused-of-swindling-1-billion-.html, accessed on 26/08/2016.
Dong-A Ilbo, “Cult Followers Break into Dong-A Ilbo Office,” January 15, 2008, http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/256823/1, accessed on 22/08/2016.
Editorial, “An Attack on Dong-A Ilbo,” Dong-A Ilbo August 24, 2006, http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/249148/1, accessed on 8/09/2016.
File, Curtis. “Mannam Volunteer Association Faces Criticism from Foreign Residents,” Yonhap News, October 28, 2016, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2012/10/28/26/ 0302000000AEN20121028000200315F.HTML, accessed on 14/09/2016.
The Guardian, “Simon Foy” April, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/profile/simon-foy, accessed on 3/09/2016.
Harrison, David. “Alternative Health Center Accused of Brainwashing,” The Telegraph, September 8, 2008.
Harrison, David. “Healer Pays Back Thousands to Soldier Who Opted for Bizarre Energy Cure over Chemo,” The Mail Online, August 25, 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2193553/Master-Oh-Harley-Street-guru-treats-cancer-patients-BELCHING.html, accessed on 3/09/2016.
Hockings, Lucy. “Sewol Ferry Verdict: “How Disaster Unfolded,” BBC News, November 11, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29995002, accessed on 26/08/2016.
Huang, Sandy. “South Korean Religious Figure Faces Sexual Assault Allegations,” Taipei Times November 12, 2001, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/11/12/1 11168, accessed on 5/09/2016.
Hustwit, J. R. “The Jungshim Association: Vital Energy Treatment and Organic World View,” Process Perspectives Fall, 2007 p. 7, http://web.archive.org/web/20120429010723 /http://www.ctr4process.org/publications/ProcessPerspectives/archive/PP-30.2-Fall2007.pdf, accessed on 12/09/2016.
Innersound. “Innersound Explains the Life-Sustaining Force – Qi,” February 19, 2011, http://innersoundblog.blogspot.kr/2011/02/innersound-explains-life-sustaining.html, accessed on 31/08/2016.
Innersound. “Response to Cult News Article,” February 28, 2013, http://jmscult.com/ forum/index.php?topic=892.msg2980#msg2980, accessed on 12/09/2016.
Jang, Nam Hyuck. “Shamanism in Korean Christianity,” Korea Studies Dissertation Series No. 4. Edison, New Jersey: Jimoondang International, 2004.
Jeong, Myeong-seok. “Parables Resource Book,” trans. Lee Ho-Myung American Providence Resources, 2006, 44-48.
Jolley, Mary Ann. “Murky Waters,” SBS Dateline, August 12, 2014, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/dateline/story/murky-waters, accessed on 9/09/2016.
Jones, Leslie-Anne. “The Man with the Ki to a Better Life,” Sunday Express, April 26, 2009, http://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/97137/The-man-with-the-Ki-to-a-better-life, accessed on 1/09/2016.
Jungshim Association. “Grandmaster’s Speech 1, October 24, 1984,” http://peterdaley.net/kihealth/JungshimSermonsPart2.pdf, accessed on 2/09/2016.
Jungshim Association. “Speech for One World,” (Undated), http://peterdaley.net/kihealth/JungshimSermonsPart2.pdf, accessed on 2/09/2016.
Jungshim Association. “The Meaning and Significance of the Teachings of Jungshim Association in the Modern World,” June 5, 2007, http://www.ctr4process.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/30_1%20jungshim.pdf, accessed on 24/08/2016.
Kim, Da-ye. “Yoo Family Interacted with Famous People,” The Korea Times, May 23, 2014, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/05/116_157776.html, accessed on 4/09/2016.
Kim, Jung-yoon. “Offices of Sewol Owner Searched,” Korea JoongAng Daily, April 19, 2014, accessed on 7/09/2016.
Kim, Yeon-se. “Police Confirm Sewol Owner Yoo Byung-eun’s Death,” The Korea Herald, July 22, 2014, http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140722000010, accessed on 31/08/2016.
Kim Young-sang. “The Shinchonji Religious Movement: A Critical Evaluation,” Master’s thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016, http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/53079/Kim_Shincheonji_2016.pdf, accessed on August 29, 2016
Kirk, Donald. “Religious Fervor on Display,” The Korea Times, September 20, 2012, http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/12/638_120457.html, accessed on 5/09/2016.
Kopetman, R. “Cystral Cathedral Members Angered by Religious Leader’s Event,” Orange County Register, July 19, 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q=cache:http://www.ocregister.com/articles/lee-364527-cathedral-hear.html, accessed on 7/09/2016.
Korea Times, “15-Year Jail Term Sought for Doomsday Cult Leader,” July 9, 2000, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/352.html, accessed on 17/08/2016.
Lee, Han-soo. “Not So Holier Than Thou: Religious Leader Crimes Top 5,000 a Year,” The Korea Times, September 9, 2016, accessed on 13/09/2016.
Lee, Ahrum. “A Crafty Trick,” November 7, 2011, https://www.englishforums.com/ English/ThisEssayDraftLook/qlmrp/post.htm, accessed on 27/08/2016.
Lee, Man-hee. The Creation of Heaven and Earth. Seoul, Shinchonji Press, 2009, 564.
Lee, Myeong-jin. “Prosecutors Arrest Cult Leaders,” The Chosun Ilbo July 9, 2007, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2000/07/09/2000070961397.html, accessed on 23/08/2016.
Luca, Nathalia. “Le Salut Par Le Foot,” Histoire et Societe No. 3. Geneva:  Labor et Fides, 1997.
Mannam Volunteer Association, “Press Release,” August 15, 2011, http://mannam.org/en/bbs/board.php?bo_table=press&wr_id=9, accessed on 27/08/2016.
Martin, Walter. The Kingdom of the Cults. Bloomington, Minnesota: Bethany House Publishers, October 2003.
McCarthy, Michael. “Ahae Photo Exhibit in Paris,” Atelier Vegabond Photo Blog, October 8, 2012, Blog post archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140523015614/http://www.ateliervagabond.com/blog/2012/10/08/ahae-photo-exhibit-in-paris/#.V9piJ_l96Uk, accessed on 12/09/2016.
MBC News, “종말론 천존회 교주 수사. 신도들 100억 헌납, 가정파탄 등[김성환],” February 11, 2000, http://imnews.imbc.com/20dbnews/history/2000/1858686_6232.html, accessed on 4/09/2016.
Miles, Leigh-Anne. “Letter to Peter Daley,” August 22, 2008, http://peterdaley.net/Letter.pdf, accessed on 9/09/2016.
Miller, Chuck. “Mark Hunter: The Reason I’m Donating to Kevin Marshall’s Charity,” Times Union, March 30, 2011, http://blog.timesunion.com/chuckmiller/marc-hunter/7180/, accessed on 12/09/2016.
Nelson, Verne. “Anyone who is a believer will regret it if he or she does not come see Instructor Man Hee Lee at the Crystal Cathedral this Saturday!” Orange Juice Blog, July 18, 2012, http://www.orangejuiceblog.com/2012/07/anyone-who-is-a-believer-will-regret-it-if-he-or-she-does-not-come-see-instructor-manhee-lee-at-the-crystal-cathedral-this-saturday/, accessed on 7/09/2016.
Park, Eun-jee. “Ferry Operator is Raided by Teams,” Korea JoongAng Daily, April 24, 2014, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2988369, accessed on 5/09/2016.
Power, John. “How a South Korean Cult Tried and Failed to Sue This Australian Uni Lecturer,” Vice Magazine, April 19, 2016, http://www.vice.com/en_au/read/how-a-south-korean-cult-tried-and-failed-to-sue-an-australian-school-teacher-for-defamation, accessed on 30/08/2016.
Power, John. “Mannam Charity Denies Recruiting for Fringe Church,” The Korea Herald, September 7, 2016, http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120906001050, accessed on 14/09/2016.
Property Magazine. “25 Queen Anne St, W1, Lets at Record Rents,” March 9, 2009, https://www.property-magazine.eu/25-queen-anne-street-w1-lets-at-record-rents-10416.html, accessed on 26/08/2016.
Quartly, Jules. “Smiling a Serious Business in South Korea,” Taipei Times, June 13, 2002, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2002/06/13/0000140221, accessed 5/09/2016.
Rogers, Linda, “Family of Deceased British Army Officer Calls for Investigation of Cult,” Cult News, January 23, 2013, https://cultnews.com/2013/01/family-of-deceased-british-army-officer-calls-for-investigation-of-cult/, accessed on 11/09/2016.
SantaMaria, Daniela. “Soccer Event to lead Highlight Reel of Global Peace Meeting in Daejeon,” Korea JoongAng Daily, August 5, 2002.
SBS TV, “Inside Providence: The Secretive Korean Church Led by a Serial Rapist,” The Feed, April 9, 2014, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/thefeed/story/inside-providence-secretive-korean-church-led-convicted-rapist, accessed on 8/09/2016.
Scheepers, Billy. “Master Oh Light,” Talking to Champions, September 17, 2014, http://talkingtochampions.com/champions/master-oh/, accessed on 12/09/2016.
Schreiber, Mark. “Love Cult Snares Students,” The Japan Times, October 27, 2002,  https://culteducation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace/7607-love-cult-snares-students.html, accessed on 7/09/2016.
Ser, Myo-ja. “Founder of JMS Cult Convicted,” Korea JoongAng Daily. April 24, 2009, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2903989, accessed on 17/08/2016.
Solomon, Alice & Hardy Annabel. “Ki Treatment: Healing with Sound & Touch,” Positive Health Online, Dec. 2007, http://www.positivehealth.com/article/chi-energy-martial-arts/ki-treatment-healing-with-sound-and-touch, accessed on 22/08/2016.
Soul ‘n’ Spirit, “Purge Your Body with Ki Therapy,” November 11, 2009, http://thelighthousewebworld.com/soulnspirit.pdf, accessed on 12/09/2016.
Taylor, Stephen. “My Wife Nearly Died of Fatigue,” 1997,
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.5jt.com%2Farticles%2FMy%2520wife%2520nearly%2520died%2520of%2520fatigue.doc&ei=vy0LUereDsXbiwKCyIC4Aw&usg=AFQjCNFQB-I_GuAyDJLKp1J8mEAHtUvsUw&sig2=P4NtcaSxRH44sJL70GWEOA&bvm=bv.41867550,d.cGE, accessed on 22/08/2016.
Tribune News Service, “Doomsday Cult Leaders Get Prison in Fraud,” The Chicago Tribune, July 12, 2000, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-07-12/news/0007120405_1_do omsday-cult-cult-leaders-prison-terms, accessed on 18/08/2016.
Twitch, John. “From Mannam to IPYG: Another Shinchonji Front,” Asia Pundits, June 16, 2014, http://www.asiapundits.com/mannam-ipyg-sinchonji-another-cult-front/, accessed on 7/09/2016.
Unknown. “A Rundown of Korean Cults Active on Campuses,” trans. Nathan Schwartzman, Korea Beat, March 28, 2014, http://www.koreabeat.com/2014/03/28/a-rundown-of-cults-active-on-korean-campuses/#.V9oezvl96Ul Original Korean article: http://www.kportalnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12909, accessed on 27/08/2016.
Webster, Nick. “Mystery Surrounds Visit to UAE of Alleged Religious Cult,” The National UAE, May 29, 2015, http://www.thenational.ae/uae/mystery-surrounds-visit-to-uae-of-alleged-religious-cult, accessed on 5/09/2016.
Watanabe, Theresa. “Treating the Mind and Body as Equals,” Los Angeles Times. April 20, 1993, http://jungshim.net/jungshim/images/la_times.pdf, accessed on 2/09/2016.
Zhi, Grace. “China Megachurch, Chongyi Church, Intruded by Shincheonji Cult,” China Christian Daily, June 11, 2016, http://chinachristiandaily.com/2016-06-11/church/china-megachurch--chongyi-church--intruded-by-the-shinchonji-cult_1443.html, accessed on 13/09/2016.



[1] Nam Hyuck Jang, “Shamanism in Korean Christianity,” Korea Studies Dissertation Series No. 4 Edison, New Jersey: Jimoondang International, 2004), 133
[2] Joong-Hyun Choe, “The Korean War and Messianic Groups: Two Cases in Contrast,” PhD diss., Syracuse University, 1993
[3] Roger Dean Du Mars, “Cult Leaders Accused of Swindling $1 Billion,” South China Morning Post, July 11, 2000.
https://culteducation.com/group/1289-general-information/8298-cult-leaders-accused-of-swindling-1-billion-.html, accessed on 17/08/2016
[4] Sung-ho Baik “Memoir Gives Insight into Choi Tae-min” Korea JoongAng Daily, November 4, 2016.
http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3025747, accessed on 12/12/2016.
[5] The Qi Center, “About Us,” http://qicentre.org/about-us.html, accessed on 2/09/2016.
[6] Jungshim Association, “Grandmaster’s Speech 1, October 24, 1984,” http://peterdaley.net/kihealth/Jungshim SermonsPart2.pdf, accessed on 3/09/2016.
[7] Ibid., “The Meaning and Significance of the Teachings of Jungshim Association in the Modern World,” June 5, 2007, http://www.ctr4process.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ 30_1%20jungshim.pdf, accessed on 24/08/2016.
[8] Korea Times, “15-Year Jail Term Sought for Doomsday Cult Leader,” July 9, 2000, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/352.html, accessed on 17/08/2016.
[9] BBC News, “Doomsday Cult Leader Arrested,” January 25, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/618064.stm, accessed on 23/08/2016.
[10] Tribune News Service, “Doomsday Cult Leaders Get Prison in Fraud,” The Chicago Tribune, July 12, 2000, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-07-12/news/0007120405_1_doomsday-cult-cult-leaders-prison-terms, accessed on 18/08/2016.
[11] Myeong-jin Lee, “Prosecutors Arrest Cult Leaders,” The Chosun Ilbo July 9, 2007, http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2000/07/09/2000070961397.html, accessed on 23/08/2016.
[12] MBC News, “종말론 천존회 교주 수사. 신도들 100억 헌납, 가정파탄 등[김성환]” February 11, 2000, http://imnews.imbc.com/20dbnews/history/2000/1858686_6232.html Video and English translation available at http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=356.msg2438#msg2438, accessed on 4/09/2016.
[13] Jungshim Association, “Speech for One World,” (Undated), http://peterdaley.net/kihealth/JungshimSerm onsPart2.pdf, accessed 2/09/2016.
[14] Associated Press, “Korean Doomsday Cult Sentenced,” July 11, 2000, http://www.cesnur.org/testi/Y2K_006.htm, accessed on 23/08/2016.
[15] Han-soo Lee, “Not so Holier than Thou: Religious Leader Crimes Top 5,000 a Year,” The Korea Times, September 9, 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/09/116_213819.html, accessed on 07/09/2016.
[16] Leigh-Anne Miles, “Letter to Peter Daley,” August 22, 2008, http://peterdaley.net/Letter.pdf, accessed on 9/09/2016.
[17] Jungshim Association, “The Meaning and Significance of the Teachings of Jungshim Association in the Modern World.”
[18] Qi Wellness, “Official Homepage,” http://www.qiwellness.org/, accessed on 20/08/2016.
[19] Qi Wellness, “Master Oh,” http://www.qiwellness.org/master-oh/, accessed on 17/08/2016.
[20] Master Oh, “Homepage,” http://www.masteroh.com/, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[21] Master Oh, “Skype and Phone Treatments,” http://www.masteroh.com/the-qi-treatment/skype-and-phone-treatments/, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[22] Ibid., “Home and Office Clearings,” http://www.masteroh.com/other-programmes/home-office-energy-clearing/, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[23] Ki Health, “Trustees’ Report and Accounts for Year End 31st August 2003,” http://peterdaley.net/kihealth/ Ki2004.pdf, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[24] Leslie-Anne Jones, “The Man with the Ki to a Better Life,” Sunday Express, April 26, 2009, http://www. express.co.uk/expressyourself/97137/The-man-with-the-Ki-to-a-better-life, accessed on 1/09/2016.
[25] Companies House, “Innersound Foundation,” https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/06655976, accessed on 26/08/2016.
[26] Companies House, “Annual Return made up to 23 October, 2009,” https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/ company/06655976/filing-history?page=2, accessed on 26/08/2016.
[27] Property Magazine, “25 Queen Anne St, W1, Lets at Record Rents,” March 9, 2009, https://www.property-magazine.eu/25-queen-anne-street-w1-lets-at-record-rents-10416.html, accessed on 26/08/2016.
[28] David Harrison, “Alternative Health Center Accused of Brainwashing,” The Telegraph, September 8, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2695637/Alternative-health-centre-accused-of-brainwashing.html, accessed on 27/08/2016.
[29] Soul ‘n’ Spirit, “Purge Your Body with Ki Therapy,” November 11, 2009, http://thelighthousewebworld.com/soulnspirit.pdf, accessed on 12/09/2016.
[30] Billy Scheepers, “Master Oh Light” Talking to Champions, September 17, 2014, http://talkingtochampions.com/champions/master-oh/, accessed on 12/09/2016.
[31] David Harrison, “Healer Pays Back Thousands to Soldier Who Opted for Bizarre Energy Cure over Chemo,” The Mail Online, August 25, 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2193553/Master-Oh-Harley-Street-guru-treats-cancer-patients-BELCHING.html, accessed on 3/09/2016.
[32] Bournemouth Echo, “Heartbroken Friends Say Goodbye to Tragic Soldier,” November 19, 2012, http://www.b ournemouthecho.co.uk/news/10056153.Heartbroken_friends_say_goodbye_to_tragic_soldier/, accessed on 27/08/2016.
[33] Linda Rogers, “Family of Deceased British Army Officer Calls for Investigation of Cult,” Cult News, January 23, 2013, https://cultnews.com/2013/01/family-of-deceased-british-army-officer-calls-for-investigation-of-cult/, accessed on 11/09/2016.
[34] Innersound, “Response to Cult News Article”, February 28, 2013, http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=892.msg2980#msg2980, accessed on 12/09/2016.
[35] Alice Solomon & Annabel Hardy, “Ki Treatment: Healing with Sound & Touch,” Positive Health Online, Dec. 2007, http://www.positivehealth.com/article/chi-energy-martial-arts/ki-treatment-healing-with-sound-and-touch, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[36] Qi Wellness, “Create a New Future by Changing the Past: Change Your Inherited Family Patterns,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGyoEyk52m8, accessed on 23/08/2016.
[37] Chuck Miller, “Mark Hunter: The Reason I’m Donating to Kevin Marshall’s Charity,” Times Union, March 30, 2011, http://blog.timesunion.com/chuckmiller/marc-hunter/7180/, accessed on 12/09/2016.
[38] Innersound, “Innersound Explains the Life-Sustaining Force – Qi,” February 19, 2011. http://innersoundblog.blogspot.kr/2011/02/innersound-explains-life-sustaining.html, accessed on 31/08/2016.
[39] Jones, “The Man with the Ki to a Better Life.” 
[40] Ibid., “The Man with the Qi to a Better Life,” Jungshim Website (altered version), http://jungshi m.net/jungshim/images/Daily%20Express.pdf, accessed on 1/09/2016.
[41] Theresa Watanabe, “Treating the Mind and Body as Equals,” Los Angeles Times. April 20, 1993, http://jungshim.net/jungshim/images/la_times.pdf, accessed on 2/09/2016.
[42] Charity Commission, “Innersound Foundation,” http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOf Charities/CharityFramework.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1133398&SubsidiaryNumber=0, accessed on 28/08/2016.
[43] Innersound, “Innersound Homepage,” The Internet Archive, http://web.archive.org/web/20160 330161115/http://www.innersound.org/, accessed on 11/09/2016.
[44] Amanda Cable, “I Didn’t Sleep for a Whole Year,” Daily Mail, January 11, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1241320/It-happened-I-didnt-sleep-year.html, accessed on 1/09/2016.
[45] Stephen Taylor, “My Wife Nearly Died of Fatigue” 1997,
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.5jt.com%2Farticles%2FMy%2520wife%2520nearly%2520died%2520of%2520fatigue.doc&ei=vy0LUereDsXbiwKCyIC4Aw&usg=AFQjCNFQB-I_GuAyDJLKp1J8mEAHtUvsUw&sig2=P4NtcaSxRH44sJL70GWE
OA&bvm=bv.41867550,d.cGE, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[46] Master Oh, “Healing Retreat in Korea,” http://www.masteroh.com/healing-retreat-in-korea/, accessed on 24/08/2016.
[47] Harrison, “Alternative Health Center Accused of Brainwashing.”
[48] Ki Health, “Ki Health and Police” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhwAoIARKOM, accessed on 12/09/2016.
[49] Ibid, “Ki Health and Health Services” YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsFR20TXblM, accessed on 15/09/2016.
[50]Richard Bartholomew, “London Met Officers Praise Energy Monks,” August 7, 2008, http://barthsnotes.com/2008/08/07/london-met-officers-praise-energy-monks/, accessed on 7/09/2016.
[51] The Guardian, “Simon Foy,” April, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/profile/simon-foy, accessed on 3/09/2016.
[52] BBC Tonight, “Innersound Meets Prince Charles,” YouTube, March 4, 2010, https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=W_Ekcgwcj-0, accessed on 11/09/2016.
[53] Leigh-Anne Miles. “Letter to Peter Daley,” August 22, 2008, http://peterdaley.net/Letter.pdf, accessed on 9/09/2016.

[54] J. R. Hustwit, “The Jungshim Association: Vital Energy Treatment and Organic World View,” Process Perspectives (Fall, 2007): 7.
[55] Jungshim, “Shallow Water,” http://jungshim.org/jungshim/board.php?board=qqqbodyonly&command=body &no=18&config=5, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[56] Ser Myo-ja, “Founder of JMS Cult Convicted,” Korea JoongAng Daily. April 24, 2009, http://koreajoongangdaily. joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2903989, accessed on 17/08/2016.
[57] Peter Daley, “An Interview with a Cult Specialist,” KCrush Magazine, May 2015
[58] Asahi Shinbun, “Cult Aimed at Elite at 50 Universities,” July 31, 2006, https://culteducation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace/7633-cult-aimed-at-elite-in-50-universities.html, accessed on 28/08/2016.
[59] Dong-A Ilbo, “Cult Followers Break into Dong-A Ilbo Office”, January 15, 2008, http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/256823/1, accessed on 22/08/2016.
[60] Peter Daley, “Father of Exodus Founder Bashed with Steel Pipe,” December 12, 2006, http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=46.0, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[61] Young-sang Kim, “The Shinchonji Religious Movement: A Critical Evaluation,” Master’s thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016, accessed on August 29, 2016,  http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/53079/Kim_Shincheonji_2016.pdf, accessed on August 29, 2016
[62] BBC News, “Korean TV Airs Controversial Documentary,” May 12, 1999, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/342414.stm, accessed on 8/09/2016.
[63] Editorial, “An Attack on Dong-A Ilbo,” Dong-A Ilbo August 24, 2006, http://english.donga.com/ List/3/all/26/249148/1, accessed on 8/09/2016.
[64] Mark Schreiber, “Love Cult Snares Students,” The Japan Times, October 27, 2002, https://cultedu cation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace/7607-love-cult-snares-students.html, accessed on 7/09/2016.
[65] Walter Martin, The Kingdom of the Cults. Bethany House Publishers, October 2003, 375.
[66] Asahi Shimbun, “Guru Said to Have Raped Prospective Brides before Mass Weddings,” August 3, 2006, https://culteducation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace/7610-guru-said-to-have-raped-prospective-brides-before-mass-weddings.html, accessed 2/09/2016.
[67] Jeong Myeong-seok, Parables Resource Book, trans. Lee Ho-Myung American Providence Resources, 2006, 44-48.
[68] Jeong Myeong-seok, ibid, 94-96.
[69] Peter Daley, “JMS Produced Videos: Naked University Students Praising Cult Leader,” JMS Cult Forums, February 18, 2012, http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=829.0, accessed on 29/08/2016.
[70] John Power, “How a South Korean Cult Tried and Failed to Sue This Australian Uni Lecturer,” Vice Magazine, April 19, 2016, http://www.vice.com/en_au/read/how-a-south-korean-cult-tried-and-failed-to-sue-an-australian-school-teacher-for-defamation, accessed on 30/08/2016.
[71] Seoul Supreme Prosecutor’s Office, “Reasons for Dropped Charges,” English translation, March 18, 2016, http://jmscult.com/ProsecutionEnglish.pdf, accessed on 30/08/2016.
[72] Cult Education Network, “Global Association of Culture and Peace,” https://culteducation.com/group/939-global-association-of-culture-and-peace.html, accessed on 8/09/2016.
[73] Daniela SantaMaria, “Soccer event to lead highlight reel of global peace meeting in Daejeon,” Korea JoongAng Daily, August 5, 2002, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=1906934, accessed on 3/09/2016.
[74] Jules Quartly, “Smiling A Serious Business in South Korea,” Taipei Times, June 13, 2002, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2002/06/13/0000140221, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[75] Sandy Huang, “South Korean Religious Figure Faces Sexual Assault Allegations,” Taipei Times November 12, 2001, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2001/11/12/111168, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[76] SBS TV, “Inside Providence: The Secretive Korean Church Led by a Serial Rapist,” The Feed, April 9, 2014, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/thefeed/story/inside-providence-secretive-korean-church-led-convicted-rapist, accessed on 8/09/2016.
[77] Peter Daley, “Shinchonji Protest CBS TV HQ, April 29, 2016,” JMS Cult Forums, http://jmscult.com /forum/index.php?topic=1191.0, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[78] Ibid., “Multi-Part Expose Premiers on March 16, 2015,” JMS Cult Forums, March 4, 2015, http://jmscult.com /forum/index.php?topic=1096.0, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[79] R. Kopetman, “Cystral Cathedral Members Angered by Religious Leader’s Event,” Orange County Register, July 19, 2012, http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ocregister.com/articles/lee-364527-cathedral-hear.html, accessed on 7/09/2016.
[80] Vern Nelson, “Anyone who is a believer will regret it if he or she does not come see Instructor Man Hee Lee at the Crystal Cathedral this Saturday!” Orange Juice Blog, July 18, 2012, http://www.orangejuiceblog.com/2012/07/ anyone-who-is-a-believer-will-regret-it-if-he-or-she-does-not-come-see-instructor-manhee-lee-at-the-crystal-cathedral-this-saturday/, accessed on 7/09/2016.
[81] “Shinchonji: MBC PD Note’s False Broadcast and the Truth,” The Correct Understanding of The Bible and Shinchonji, October 31, 2008, http://blog.daum.net/greenleaves123/7834836, accessed on 28/08/2016.
[82] Nick Webster, “Mystery Surrounds Visit to UAE of Alleged Religious Cult,” The National UAE, May 29, 2015, http://www.thenational.ae/uae/mystery-surrounds-visit-to-uae-of-alleged-religious-cult, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[83] Peter Daley, “SCJ Protest Banner,” JMS Cult Forums, September 18, 2014, http://jmscult.com/forum /index.php?topic=1012.msg3289#msg3289, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[84] Young-sang Kim, 2016.
[85] Mannam Volunteer Association, “Press Release,” August 15, 2011. http://mannam.org/en/bbs/ board.php?bo_table=press&wr_id=9, accessed on 27/08/2016.
[86] Mannam Volunteer Association, “Greetings,” http://mannam.org/en/content.php?p=about/greet, accessed on 29/08/2016.
[87] Ahrum Lee, “A Crafty Trick,” November 7, 2011, https://www.englishforums.com/English/ThisEssayDraftLook /qlmrp/post.htm, accessed on 27/08/2016.
[88] Peter Daley, “The Shinchonji National Olympiad/Day of Mannam: Sept. 16, 2012,” JMS Cult Forums, August 30, 2012, http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=857.0, accessed on 3/09/2016.
[89] Donald Kirk, “Religious Fervor on Display,” The Korea Times, September 20, 2012, http://www.koreatimes. co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/12/638_120457.html, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[90] Anonymous, “A Decade in Shinchonji: Interview with a Former Member,” Analysis of Shinchonji’s Movement Blog, October 2010 (probably a posting error: 2010 instead of 2012), http://shinchonjiandthebible. blogspot.kr/2010/ 06/interview-with-former-scj-member.html, accessed on 1/09/2016.
[91] Unknown, “Mannam Praising is the Bible is not Mannam, but Deception,” JMS Cult Forums, http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=857.msg2197#msg2197\, accessed on 26/08/2016. For more information about the September 16, 2012 event, please visit: http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=857.0
[92] John Power, “Mannam Charity Denies Recruiting for Fringe Church,” The Korea Herald, September 7, 2016, http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120906001050, accessed on 14/09/2016.
[93] Curtis File, “Mannam Volunteer Association Faces Criticism from Foreign Residents,” Yonhap News, October 28, 2016, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2012/10/28/26/0302000000AEN20121028000200315F.HTML, accessed on 14/09/2016.
[94] John Twitch, “From Mannam to IPYG: Another Shinchonji Front,” Asia Pundits, June 16, 2014, http://www.asiapundits.com/mannam-ipyg-sinchonji-another-cult-front/, accessed on 7/09/2016.
[95] Peter Daley, “The Summit of the World Alliance of Religions for Peace (WARP) Sept. 17-19, 2014,” JMS Cult Forums, June 18, 2014, http://jmscult.com/forum/index.php?topic=1012.0, accessed on 8/09/2016.
[96] World Alliance of Religions Peace Summit, “Distinguished Participants,” p. 13, http://www.jmsc ult.com/WARPList.pdf, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[97] Man-hee, Lee, The Creation of Heaven and Earth. Seoul: Shinconji Press, 2009, 564.
[98] Martijn Bergsma, “How I Ended Up in a Korean Religious Cult”, Youth and Exchange and Understanding, November 17, 2014, http://www.yeu-international.org/en/publications/newsmail/small-stories-that-can-change-the-world/how-i-ended-up-in-a-korean-religious-cult, accessed on 11/09/2016.
[99] Grace Zhi, “China Megachurch, Chongyi Church, Intruded by Shincheonji Cult,” China Christian Daily, June 11, 2016, http://chinachristiandaily.com/2016-06-11/church/china-megachurch--chongyi-church--intruded-by-the-shinchonji-cult_1443.html, accessed on 13/09/2016.
[100] Lucy Hockings, “Sewol Ferry Verdict: “How Disaster Unfolded,” BBC News, November 11, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29995002, accessed on 26/08/2016.
[101] Kim Yeon-se “Police Confirm Sewol Owner Yoo Byung-eun’s Death,” The Korea Herald, July 22, 2014, http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140722000010, accessed on 31/08/2016.
[102] Unknown, “A Rundown of Korean Cults Active on Campuses,” trans. Nathan Schwartzman, Korea Beat, March 28, 2014, http://www.koreabeat.com/2014/03/28/a-rundown-of-cults-active-on-korean-campuses/#.V9oezvl96Ul Original Korean article: http://www.kportalnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12909, accessed on 27/08/2016.
[103] AHAE Homepage “About: An Introduction to AHAE and his Photography” http://ahae.com/about/, accessed on 24/08/2016.
[104]Kim Jung-yoon, “Offices of Sewol Owner Searched,” Korea JoongAng Daily, April 19, 2014, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2988141, accessed on 7/09/2016.
[105] Kim Da-ye, “Yoo Family Interacted with Famous People,” Korea Times, May 23, 2014, http://www.korea times.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/05/116_157776.html, accessed on 4/09/2016.
[106] Mary Ann Jolley, “Murky Waters,” SBS Dateline, August 12, 2014, http://www.sbs.com.au/news/ dateline/story/murky-waters, accessed on 9/09/2016.
[107] Michael McCarthy, “Ahae Photo Exhibit in Paris,” Atelier Vegabond Photo Blog, October 8, 2012, Blog post archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140523015614/http://www.ateliervagabond.com/blog/2012/10/08/ahae-photo-exhibit-in-paris/#.V9piJ_l96Uk, accessed on 12/09/2016.
[108] Park Eun-jee, “Ferry Operator is Raided by Teams,” Korea JoongAng Daily, April 24, 2014, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2988369, accessed on 5/09/2016.
[109] Joong-Hyun Choi, 1993.
[110] Nathalie Luca, “Le Salut Par Le Foot,” Histoire et Societe No. 35. Geneve:  Labor et Fides , 1997.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular Posts